Clinical Assessment free essay sample

Clinical Assessment Mr. what's more, Mrs. Lawson brought their 4-year-old received little girl, Clara, to see Dr. Artisan, a specialist. Clara was courteous in welcome Dr. Bricklayer, yet didn't grin and held her look down as she sat down. Mr. furthermore, Mrs. Lawson sat close to Clara and started clarifying their interests. They depicted Clara as a peaceful youngster who has as of late started pitching temper fits, during which she is forlorn. Her rest and eating designs have changed, and she no longer needs to go to preschool. †¢Create a short reaction to every one of the accompanying inquiries: What other data might you want to get the hang of during the meeting with the family? What inquiries would you pose? I would ask Clara’s instructor has referenced if there has been a perceptible change with her in school, and if there have been reports of some other youngsters troubling her. I would likewise inquire as to whether there is any likelihood that there are improper activities occurring including Clara’s instructor. We will compose a custom exposition test on Clinical Assessment or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page What are the adjustments in her dozing design? Is it accurate to say that she is resting pretty much? Is there something explicit Clara is pitching temper fits over? Potential triggers? I would ask about Clara’s age at appropriation. I would need to know whether she was raised at all by her natural guardians or some other relatives. I would ask about Clara’s information on her assenting status. I would likewise inquire as to whether the family ancestry of her organic guardians is known. oIn expansion to the clinical meeting, what other clinical appraisal instruments would it be advisable for you to consider? Why? The meetings with Clara would likewise include the utilization of clinical evaluation devices that may give knowledge to the adjustments in her conduct. Devices that would be wrong for her age and perception level are projective trying, individual and reaction inventories. Because of the ongoing beginning of changes, neurological, neuropsychological and would likewise not be valuable for her assessment. Knowledge testing may give understanding into her preschool learning experience. Clinical perception ought to be utilized as the most plainly beneficial appraisal technique. oAlthough you need more data to start treatment, what components may you mull over in planning a powerful intercession for this family? Elements that should be contemplated in structuring a successful mediation for this family would be Clara’s age, what she is pitching temper fits over, how frequently they are all together, if Clara is ever alone with somebody dubious. oIf you were getting ready to analyze Clara, you would allude to the DSM-IV arrangement framework to assess her condition on five separate tomahawks. What sort of data would go into every pivot? You are not approached to enter a finding, just portray the sort of data that would be entered in every pivot. oDo you feel that diagnosing Clara would be advantageous or unsafe? Clarify why.

Lucy Essay free essay sample

We as a whole understand that us people have a type of connection to gorillas and chimpanzees, yet what developed us from them to turning out to be bipedal primates? In this article I will teach you about the development of people, the enamoring disclosure of Lucy, an Australopithecus afarensis, and how her revealing of another species is so essential to our progression. Lucy is our most established, most complete human progenitor and it lead to a questionable change in our perspective on human starting points. Lucy is a 3. 15 multi year old female primate, of the family Australopithecus, whose skeleton was revealed on November 24, 1974 by Donald C. Johanson and Tom Gray in the Hadar district of Ethiopia. Donald Johanson’s first disclosure comprised of a couple of bits of a knee bone. He sent the issues that remains to be worked out Lovejoy, who was an anatomist and low maintenance legal master. He at that point analyzed the bone pieces and reasoned that they seemed human, that the joint could â€Å"lock†, which implied the creature could walk upstanding. We will compose a custom article test on Lucy Essay or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This was a significant disclosure demonstrating an old bipedal animal. They named their disclosure, Lucy concerning the notable Beatles tune Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds, which played again and again as they commended their discoveries. While just 40% of the skeleton was discovered, this revealing of Lucy was extremely intriguing and addressed numerous inquiries to our human development since it was the missing connection among chimps and the childhood of primates. The pioneers called Lucy, Australopithecus afarensis which represents â€Å"southern gorilla of the Afar region†. This class was probably the most punctual specie of primates; the group of bipedal primates additionally incorporates homo hablis and homo erectus. While Australopithecus and Homo species fluctuate from various perspectives, the two primates share basic attributes that characterize them as a gathering. The most particular of these qualities is bipedal movement, which implies they could walk upstanding rather on being down on the ground like primates. The specific and progressive qualities of Lucy is that she had a little skull, a bipedal knee structure, molars, and front teeth of human structure and size. Lucy’s skeleton demonstrates that her sort was bipedal by the state of her pelvis and the point the femur takes from the hip attachment to the knee joint. From her midsection down she was primate, and from her midriff up she was still gorilla, as her skull was as yet the size of a chimpanzee. Her cerebrum size shifts in extend from 365 to 385 cubic centimeters and had hand and engine cortex. Her species has a drawn out mouth, solid temple line, and a little brow. She remained around three and a half feet high and gauged 60-65 pounds. The guys were about double the females size extending from four to four and a half feet tall. This species additionally had around 100-120 unique calls, hand motions and signals. This proposes a multifaceted social and mating framework. Proof shows that she was likely youthful however completely develop when she kicked the bucket of characteristic causes. Her body is likely known to have sunk into a lake and more than a large number of years, the lake evaporated, covered, and solidify her bones which inevitably fossilized them and protected them for us to find. The next year, again at the celebrated site of Hadar, Ethiopia, Donald Johansons group made the weighty disclosure of the fossilized survives from somewhere in the range of 13 people, known as the â€Å"First Family†. They accepted that around then, there was a mud slide that covered and murdered huge amounts of these animals, in all age go, from children to grown-ups, both male and females. This was accepted to be the most established proof of human progenitors living in gatherings. It had additionally given us substantially more comprehension of their way of life and living space. Lucy inhabited when the Hadar district was not a desert situation like it is today. Rather, it was believed to be increasingly similar to a forests and savannah area. A. farensis, was not thoroughly chimp but then not exactly human, is thought to have most likely lived in an assortment of natural surroundings. Having developed into being bipedal as an adjustment to living in the open regions, similar to prairies with not many trees. They were thought to take care of for seeds, berries, organic product, tubers, nuts and termites. The advantage of having the option to walk upstanding gave them the benefit of free hands to snatch food or convey their young, investigating high meadow, and building up a greater cerebrum. Lamentably for them, they had long dry seasons with no downpour which made the food source rare. Without bipedalism we wouldn’t have the option to form into the primates that we have become. The Hardy Weinberg’s condition is significant for the idea of populace hereditary qualities. All together for Hardy-Weinbergs balance of no development happening to work, the accompanying seven conditions must be met: no changes must happen so new alleles don't enter, no quality stream can happen, arbitrary mating must happen, everybody delivers a similar number of posterity, the populace must be huge so that there is no hereditary float, normal determination isn't happening, and all individuals are rearing in the populace. This condition doesn't work with people since we don't haphazardly mate. Generally people pick a mate who has constructive properties that they like, which can incorporate character, taste, alluring, great with kids, knowledge, once in a while race/shading, stature, humor, and so forth. In Lucy terms they would need somebody who is a decent tracker, supplier, and keen yet they wouldn’t get that choice of being fastidious on the grounds that they couldn’t go exceptionally far to determination their curious mate. Additionally, regular determination happens constantly just as transformations yet most are not unsafe. So if you somehow happened to apply this to the A. afarensis, the larger part would discredit this condition. A. afarensis were additionally acceptable at apparatus making. They utilized horns and bones as apparatuses yet not as weapons, the same number of individuals however they did. Likewise, they would utilize some stone devices that were known to be the breaking sunrise to human innovation. Their fundamental predators were â€Å"big cats†, for example, lions and panthers. They had almost no assurance which made them simple prey. Panthers were phenomenal climbers however they couldn't move just as gorillas which made it difficult to get away. Additionally the lions are extremely persistent animals, so they would hold up under the tree until they would could down and afterward they would eat them. In the long run, the vigorous A. afarensis, a. boisei, a. robustus and a. aeithiopicus would go wiped out however the gracile Homo Habilis, which was found 2. 6 million years prior by Lewis Leaky, would proceed to turn into our progenitors. In Africa, a portion of the creatures that depended on woods ceased to exist since it was excessively dry. For instance, during this period Lucy had vanished in light of the fact that this species cannot get by in that circumstance. In any case, different species developed by investigating diverse dietary sources that were accessible in that time. For instance, many developed physical adjustments to eat on the new types of vegetation considered grass that colonized the deforested landscape. The equivalent appears to have happened to our precursors, who had recently depended on backwoods nourishments, for example, delicate organic product. We simply continued developing as the a great many years passed by and adjusting to new conditions. In this paper, as should be obvious, Lucy was an amazing disclosure and was the missing connect to our childhood. This species was bipedal and primate starting from the waste, chimp like from the abdomen up. They were additionally more astute than chimps with their diverse hand and engine cortex, their device use, and cerebrum size. Without the consistent idea and information on advancement happening, our species would have never of occurred however we are blessed for this disclosure and to be who we are in this present reality.

Notes of a Native Son Analysis Essay Sample

Notes of a Native Son Analysis Essay Sample James Baldwin’s ‘Notes of a Native Son’ (1955) is a non-fiction book of essays that present his reflections on race relations in the United States of America. It is a collection of previously published ten essays that appeared in different periodicals. ‘Notes of a Native Son’ share Baldwin’s thoughts on how to solve the United States racial dilemma, and expresses his ideas on the issue of American identity. The essays represent different genres. Some of them are memoirs, for example, a short essay ‘Notes of a Native Son’ where Baldwin describes his relationships with his father. Other essays offer critique. For example, ‘Many Thousands Gone ’is an example of literary criticism and ‘Carmen Jones: The Dark is Light Enough’ is an example of a film analysis. Summary Let’s start with ‘Notes of a Native Son’ summary. The book has three parts. The first part is criticism, the second one is personal, and the third one describes his expatriate experience. This division serves only as structuring device because the major themes of the book are present in every essay. The first part of the book that includes three critical essays is devoted to the aesthetic problems. James Baldwin shares his views on the role of an artist and his image within the traditional cultural canon. He argues that an artist should not aim at representing an entire group or champion the social changes but mostly describe his own experience which any artist knows well enough to be able to speak with honesty and deep insight. He does not suppose that writers should write only memoirs, but his opinion is that all genuine works of art should be based on an artist’s own experience. That’s why he criticizes Richard Wright, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Otto Preminger and their works such as Native Son, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, and the film Carmen Jones. James Baldwin does not consider them great works of art because they do not present a personal experience. The second group consisting of three essays focus on sociopolitical issues. It is a journalistic and anecdotal part of the book. It includes an essay about Harlem ghetto, another one describes a journey of African American musicians to Atlanta, and the las one is devoted to Baldwin’s relationship with his authoritarian preacher father. The last part of the book includes four essays that discuss questions of identity and deals with race issues in America and Europe. They arose in a new way when Baldwin was abroad. The last four essays discuss Baldwin’s experience of living in Europe. Analysis ‘Notes of a Native Son’ can be best understood as a book of a young writer who is searching for his own voice, for identity, and is struggling to find a way to reconcile his contradictory views that were determined by his experiences as an American, as a black man, and as a writer. Baldwin wrote elegantly and honestly about his main challenge that was to understand and determine what it meant to be a ’native son’. Baldwin discusses the race relations in America and speaks about racial prejudice in the States. He makes an attempt to analyze the prejudice, understand where it comes from, and decide how to deal with the racial prejudice. And he does it in different ways, one of which is using personal experience. We are living in an age of Black Lives Matter, and James Baldwins ‘Notes of a Native Son’ that tackle problems of life in Harlem, discuss the protest novels and movies, and life of African Americans abroad are as important, urgent, and powerful today as in the 1940s and early 1950s when they were first written. ‘Notes of a Native Son’ established James Baldwin as a strong interpreter of crucial social changes in the United States in the twentieth century and as a social critic. The essays create an interesting sketch of Black America and show Baldwin’s search for his unique way to identify himself as an artist, as an American, and as a black man.

Love, Family, And Identity - 2762 Words

Corinne Murdock Nolan AP Lit 23 July 2015 Love Medicine Summary Notes Title †¢ Novel analyzes definition of love, family, and identity. †¢ Novel describes numerous love affairs between different people within several families. †¢ Lipsha Morrissey tries to fix the relationship between Grandma and Grandpa Kashpaw using a love medicine, but it ends up killing Grandpa Kashpaw. †¢ The author might have chosen the title Love Medicine in order to emphasize how people try to find a way to fix a broken heart, broken relationships, and broken family ties, but sometimes a cure only hurts those involved. Author †¢ Part Chippewa Indian, part German-American- apparent as she compares Native American culture to the white society of America. †¢ Born in Little Falls, Minnesota in 1954. †¢ Grew up in North Dakota, where Love Medicine takes place. †¢ Both a poet and a writer. Year †¢ Love Medicine was published in 1993. Setting †¢ Time period ranges from 1934 to 1984, specific years are listed as 1934, 1948, 1957, 1973, 1974, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, and 1984. †¢ Mainly takes place in North Dakota. †¢ Setting is described as, â€Å"dull tan- the dry ditches, the dying crops, the buildings of farms and towns† (Erdrich 11). The author describes the scenery fondly as â€Å"beautiful† (Erdrich 11). †¢ Most events occur in Indian reservation near Williston, North Dakota. †¢ Describes reservation road as run-down. â€Å"The highway narrowed off and tangled, then turned to gravel with ruts, holes, and blue alfalfa bunching inShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1552 Words   |  7 Pagesforbidden love, drama, and identity. While most may think that this play is just one of those love stories read for entertainment, it holds a many connotations that can relate to modern society. As Romeo and Juliet s love develops, so does their deadly secret retracting them from one another more and more. 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In the 1800s, non-normative identities were nonexistent, so Anne Lister felt uniq ue and did not face any evident negativity. On the other hand, Stephen Gordon’s period was exposed to non-normative identities and had a negative view of it. Thus, leading to Stephen receiving negativity for her identity. Firstly, Stephen Gordon’s family had a negative vision of non-normative identities and expressed it to her while Anne Lister’s family never indicated any thought on it. Secondly, discriminationRead MoreSociological Themes In Cold Sassy Tree By Olive Ann Burns1594 Words   |  7 Pageswidower, Grandpa Blakeslee elopes with Love Simpson, a Yankee women less than half his age. Their marriage rouses a storm of gossip as the people of the town are quick to judge. Love Simpson accepted the proposal on the terms that she would only be his housekeeper. But eventually, their relationship turns into something more. Fourteen-year-old Will Tweedy, the narrator of the book, finds himself thrown in the middle of all the excitement. Dealing with family strai ns, the struggle of growing up, andRead More Comparing Romeo and Juliet and Much Ado About Nothing Essay552 Words   |  3 Pageseternal love. Characters plot against each other in each play. The relationships of the people in his plays are not always what they seem. Whether it be a tragedy or a comedy, Shakespeare encompasses three elements into his plays: love, intrigue, and identity. Love is the biggest theme in both Romeo and Juliet and Much Ado About Nothing. In both plays, hate acts as a force that attempts to tear both lovers apart, but their love holds them together. In Romeo and Juliet, the two lovers’ families hate

Amazon business model and competitive environment Essay

Essays on Amazon business model and competitive environment Essay Business Model Amazon started its business in 1995 and was incorporated firstly in of Washington during 1994 and later on re-incorporated itself in 1996 in the State of Delaware. Amazon is an online shopping place offering many products most notably books. There are four primary customers to which Amazon offers its services i.e. consumer customers, sellers and enterprises and content creators. (Amazon.com). Amazon also earns its revenue through co-branding of credit card agreements as well as on-line marketing and advertising services. The business is potentially divided into two geographical areas i.e. North America and rest of the world Consumers Consumer customers are served through the retail website with the name of Amazon.com where consumers are offered a range of products at relatively lower prices with free delivery services. Amazon.com aims to offer easy to use functionality to allow customers to buy large number of products at relatively affordable prices. Sellers Amazon also offers an opportunity to sellers to sell their products by using Amazon platform or use their own websites. Amazon therefore does not act as a direct seller in this situation but rather provides platform to others and earn through fixed fees and other indirect fees charged to sellers. Enterprises Developer customers are served through offering them web-based services by offering Amazon’s IT infrastructure. Content Creators Amazon also offers authors and independent publishers an opportunity to self-publish. This business segment therefore solely focuses upon offering a platform, based upon fee sharing, to authors and publishers to publish and sell their books through Amazon. Competition Though the overall competition may be high considering the presence of physical stores and multi-dimensional nature of the industry, however, in the virtual market place, there are very few competitors of Amazon. The overall range of competitors therefore include content producers, publishers, web-portals like E-Bay, firms offering I.T infrastructure services etc. The overall pace of growth in the e-commerce and online shopping industry has remained approximately 20% during recent past however, due to recession in major markets; it has slowed down to almost 11% per year. It is critical to understand that the overall market is expanding with Amazon even entering into e-book readers and tablet pc market thus increasing its competition and matching with firms like Apple in different business segments. Amazon considers price, convenience as well as fast and reliable fulfillment as the key drivers of competition in the industry. 1 Year Amazon Beta 0.28 Ke 4% Best Buy Beta 1.16 Ke 17.91% Barnes Nobel Bet 0.98 Ke -6.99% Amazon’s beta is less than 1 suggesting low correlation between the stock and market returns however; its returns are lower than Best Buy but higher than BN. Considering the evolving nature of business model of the firm, it may be possible that the overall growth rates may suffer. Amazon’s lack of international expansion may also further result into its declining performance in future as compared to its competitors. Limited market space as well as restricted business model may force Amazon to look for opening physical stores to compete in a better manner with the competitors. Works Cited Amazon.com. 10-K Annual Report,. 10-K filing. New York: Amazon, 2012. Print

Oxford dictionary meaning of the word “research” Free Essays

The proposed article fall within the area of subject of research, as the context and purpose of article is to bring about a rationale thinking in application areas of auditing vs.accounting.Understanding definition of term â€Å"research†. We will write a custom essay sample on Oxford dictionary meaning of the word â€Å"research† or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Identification of key area, to effort on, find facts, draw/derive/produce positive or negative results and apply whichever is applicable, and complete findings.† This article is written without any prejudicial interest and true replica of events that occur in business accounting, viewed at a macroscopic level.   Practicing of accounting demands an ethical code of conduct, as auditors are the intermediary officials for companies as well stakeholders, who safeguard ipso facto corporate sector. Type of Research First reading ensured enough time to read each page, to perceive the subject and contents to form a basis for finding and comprehend the facts. Second reading is attempted to learn and recognize, what made the article to give such a serious effect, and grounds of falsification. Final critique reading and view   on art, style, etiquette and magnitude of the article and draw inferences, as a whole. Research Questions: Does the article represent a view of research to lay facts, scholarly view to consider and instigate appropriate measures of corrections in ethnic field of auditing or an elite journalistic article ? Is the usage of Jargon is in compliance and accurate with the subject of article? What is the satisfaction of Author(s) who have ventured efforts in perceiving the facts? The author(s) have endeavored on article in prediction or to pre-empt the startling scams or scandals in corporate sector? Where does the error take rest? With Auditors/Company officials/Rating How to cite Oxford dictionary meaning of the word â€Å"research†, Papers

Moral Or Immoral Essays - Social Philosophy, Community Organizing

Moral Or Immoral In Martin Luther King Jr.s essay, A Letter from Birmingham Jail he compares the issues of Moral acts verses Immoral acts. This essay was written in response to a letter some clergymen had written after a direct action march Dr. King had participated in. In their letter the clergymen had praised the local police officers and media for the nonviolent and calm manner in which the situation was handled. It was this praise that prompted Dr King to write: I have tried to make clear that it is wrong to use immoral means to attain moral ends. But now I must affirm that it is just as wrong or perhaps even more so, to use moral means to preserve immoral ends. The beginning of this statement refers to the idea of using violence to get the result that you feel you deserve. The second part to this statement refers to doing the right thing to ensure that an injustice will prevail. It is this issue of moral verses immoral that Doctor King bases. The first example of the morality issue Dr. King raises is a just law, verses an unjust law. In his essay Dr King describes to his readers the difference between the two. A just law is a man-made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God. An unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law. Here Doctor King is defending his belief that there is a moral issue in some laws. He defends his statement by giving an example of Germany during the Nazi rule. King discusses what Hitler had done to the Jews in Nazi Germany and adds that at the time, this was legal. It was also illegal to help a Jew and those who did were considered lawbreakers. This is a perfect example of where a law had existed that was immoral. King also struggles with the issues of laws he believes are moral, however they have immoral consequences. For example, King states, For instance, I have been arrested on a charge of parading without a permit. Dr. King believes this is fair and that the law against parading without a permit is just. However as King continues to discuss his argument he seems to believe that the law is immoral when it is used to maintain segregation and to deny citizens the First Amendment privilege of peaceful assembly and protest. Here King describes the struggle between his desires to obey the law, while expressing his need to openly protest those laws in which he views as morally unjust. The final moral issue Dr. King confronts is the issue of segregation. He remarks in his essay, I can urge men to obey the 1954 decision of the Supreme Court, for it is morally right; and I can urge them to disobey segregation ordinances, for they are morally wrong. Here is a perfect example of Kings struggle with laws and their relevance to morality. On one hand King supports the Supreme Courts decision to desegregate the schools because it is morally correct. On the other hand he would urge people to disobey segregation ordinances because desegregation in schools is only half the battle. Dr. King argues his position on segregation with the following segregation is not only politically, economically, and sociologically unsound, it is morally wrong and sinful. Here King argues that although the Supreme Court ruling was a small step towards desegregation it does not eliminate the entire issue. Therefore he cannot urge his followers to support the immoral laws of segregation. Throughout his essay Dr. King raises the moral issues of what he was facing when he helped organize the direct action march. It was his morality that helped to make Dr Martin Luther King Jr. a great pioneer for his people. He had fought hard to defend the moral laws and even harder to change the immoral ones. American History

Division of Labor essays

Division of Labor essays The division of labor inside and outside the home is a major issue when it comes to both married and non-married couples. If handled incorrectly this power struggle can fuel many arguments. However, if handled successfully this can prevent future breakups as well. If the man in the household offers some extra help this will in turn make the women more open towards granting the mans wishes. This extra support will in turn help the woman gain steps when it comes to her professional and social responsibilities. I believe that this division of labor can break or make a relationship. If one or the other feels the need to act selfish or lazy this will in turn put extra pressure on the counterpart in the relationship. This is most apparent in relation to dual-earner households. If both partners are working full-time this management of labor becomes a major issue. This is even more compounded when children are in the picture. Sure their combined income will be greater but the press ures at home will also increase. This problem wasnt as apparent when the traditional family role was in place. Mom stayed home and her work was taking care of the family and the household chores. This was her nine to five job with an occasional help here and there from her husband. But as the times have changed things are no longer as simple as this. With the direction things are heading the problems with division of labor will undoubtedly only get worse. To understand this division of labor you have to understand the roles and the history behind them. In a society where the norm was to have a Leave It to Beaver lifestyle dual-earner households were not to be accepted and wouldnt be understood. The family, especially the wife, would be considered to be irresponsible towards not only her role as a mother but that as a wife as well. Whereas now-a-days the traditional roles are quickly fading into the past and duel-earne...

How to spell in lieu of

How to spell in lieu of How to spell in lieu of How to spell in lieu of By Maeve Maddox Whenever I come across an unusual misspelling, I do a search to see how common it is. This misspelling of in lieu of caught my attention: †¦so i can run keynote in leu of having to use powerpoint. A Google search for in leu of brought up about 23,600,000 hits. The bank is asking if we would like to do a deed in leu of foreclosure. I was told I could take jail time in leu of the fine. Hair flower in leu of a veil Anyone ever use duct tape in leu of rim tape? How long can I leave potatoes in the ground? (in leu of storage) To be fair, most of these examples are from forums and comments. Google does ask Did you mean in lieu of? The expression came into English from French en lieu de, in place of, from the Latin phrase in loco, in place of. Our English word instead is a calque of these foreign expressions. It was written as two words, in stead, until the 17th century. Stead means place, as in homestead. Bottom line: If youre not sure how to spell in lieu of, you can use instead of instead. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureThe Parts of a Word20 Movies Based on Shakespeare Plays

Functional, Matrix and Pure Project Organizational Structures Essay

Functional, Matrix and Pure Project Organizational Structures - Essay Example A well-defined organizational structure makes the employees and the managers aware of their roles and responsibilities regarding completion of the missions. Let us now discuss three primary project management organizational structures in order to get a better understanding of the situations in which each of these structures serves best to manage the project teams. Functional Organizational Structure Functional organizational structure is the most commonly used form of structures in which the decision-making authority remains at the top management level and the projects are assigned to the functional units based on the types of the projects. In functional organizational structure, there is the strong concept of subordination and the focus of the management is towards jobs. The function-based jobs, which are similar in nature, are grouped together in such a way that they form a separate department. In functional organizational structure, the employees of each department have a unique s et of roles and responsibilities, which make their duties different from the employees of other departments. For example, the employees of the human resource department perform the tasks of hiring and training, whereas the employees belonging to the operations department deal with different types of business operations, activities, and functions. Some of the main characteristics of the functional organizational structure include a well-defined chain of command, the formation of separate departments, strong concept of subordination, centralized decision-making, concentrated leadership, professional similarities between the employees belonging to any specific department, well-defined progress path for the employees, and clearly defined roles and responsibilities. Along with many considerable benefits, there also exist some negative aspects of the functional organizational structure. Some of the most negative aspects include the bureaucratic style of decision-making, inefficient proble m solving among the employees, lack of client focus, the ineffective flow of communication between any two departments of the company, narrow vision of organizational goals and objectives. The situation where the functional organizational structure can be the best method to manage a project team is one in which increased efficiency of the workforce is required. This type of organizational structure works best in stable work environments where the managers do not change the business strategy or approach towards the completion of mission very frequently. Therefore, if managers of a company need to complete a project by the given deadline without changing the business strategy, functional organizational structure can be the best option because in this situation, employees of all departments are aware of their roles and responsibilities and the hired specialists can share their knowledge and experience for the completion of the projects. Matrix Organizational Structure The matrix organi zational structure is the most commonly used form of organizational structures for the project-based teams. It is basically the merger of functional and pure project organizational structures.

Evaluation porsche 911 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evaluation porsche 911 - Essay Example History Porsche has been a name that flashes as a synonym for amazing cars in the heart of almost all the automobile lovers in the world ever since it was founded in 1931. The brand name and the technology of the world’s most beautiful cars belong to the German Genius, Ferdinand Porsche. An originally motor designing company was transformed into a world class car manufacturer by the great vision of Ferdinand Porsche around the World War II. It was the time when the Volkswagen company had to displace Porsche for his English nativity following which he had to undergo a short-term imprisonment. This incident happened to a blessing in disguise as Ferdinand’s son, Ferry Porsche, took inspiration from his father’s skills and designed his own car which impressed the car lovers very soon. As described on its website, this car, fondly called 356 as its own design project number, changed the conservative approach to the car industry by promoting it as a field of perfect in novations for style and speed (‘Porsche: historical background’). This aerodynamic version with unprecedented power packing grabbed the attention of the world very rapidly and from then Porsche became an identity of luxury. The industrial history of Porsche can thus be ranged from 1948 till date with a number of car models and specifications of engines. An overall evaluation of the company’s profile indicates Porsches firmness in retaining its uniqueness in style and marketing. Porsche cars of different strength and enticing looks came flowing into the market over the years with the makers proving their innovation in the automobile engineering for sports utility vehicles (SUVs) as the company was incorporated to public sector in 1984, around twenty years after the introduction of Porsche 911 model. Porsche 911 A car model running a hit story for over three decades may be possible only with Porsche 911. Observers can find that the switching from its dependence on Volkswagen engines and the modification tag of Beetle brand eventually helped Porsche stand as a stalwart in the car designing field. The incredible power of its engine made it a hot choice for the racers and mountain terrain riders. Moreover, this model bears the credit for being the most sort after car with unchanged model name to capture the world market. Even when the competitors had claims that it had a wrong positioning of the engine, the 911 had the reputation for being the first sports car with a five speed transmission. The name was also a significant choice after the French Peugeot had their right reserved over the use of zero in the middle of any brand name. Thus the originally 901 became 911 when the company made commercial production of 1965 model cars. Porsche 911 design Ferdinand Alexander designed the world’s most iconic Porsche cars. The design of the Porsche 911 was introduced in the market with flying colors and this stunning design assisted this model to d ominate the auto market since its launching. The terrific design of the Porsche 911 benefited the company to win the award World’s Performance Car of the Year 2012. Today, many of the leading sports car makers try to adopt different design features of Porsche 911. The company’s philosophy has been giving particular attention to better design since its establishment. The firm’

Home Automation Project Development

Home Automation Project Development Introduction Technology In saying Necessity is the Mother of Invention to conclude that man since the dawn of history has sought to facilitate his creativity to invite tools that helped him to live from Stone Age to Cooper, Bronze, and Iron Ages that each age developed the following age. He built growth of the ancient civilizations such as Egyptians that invented and used many simple machines and other ancient civilizations that improved many technologies for example Greek invented watermill which was the first human-devised motive force. The industrial revolution in Britain which is individuated by the promotions in the areas of textile manufacturing, mining, metallurgy and transport driven by the development of the steam engine. That changed the whole course of mans life and the subsequent revolution in electricity, electronics and communications led to the development of technology. Technology has transformed the lives of people world over, has saved us loads of time and has made life easier for all of us. Automation The idea of remote control that controls machines after the World War 1 in Germany gave birth of automation. Automation can be defined as the use of control systems, Human activities and applications in all areas of life has rapidly expanded from the combination of automated devices with mathematical and organizational tools which created complex systems that have been used in industrial, commercial, economic, and social ranges of mans life. The evolution of controllers and automation has been developing and still continue to develop to these days. What is Home Automation Home is the word that refers to relaxing and rest after a long day of work, that when you get home you need all the reasons of relax, in the past man was coming home and was finding hit wife had created the comforts for him, but then women choose to be mans partner in all areas of life, so to find technology took the rule and start to create comfort for both man and woman at home. The first appearance of home automation was the TV remote control and then inventions followed one another. Home automation is a system in which user can control his home subsystems using an interface provided by the system to achieve the purpose of home automation. The idea of home automation came from modern home which filled with electronic apparatus and appliances -which are the home subsystems foundation- to make life easier at home, more secure, and more comfortable that the user can control his house while he is relaxing or working. When the user leaves his home to go on holiday, he loses all control over the functions of the house while he is away and cannot tell whether someone has punctured the security or whether he had left the living room light on. If the alarm has been triggered at his home, there is no way that the user can become aware of this unless he returns to his compromised home. In order for the system be useful, the appliances must be able to be moved around the house and still retain their ability to communicate with the system. A degree of automation is needed in a house so that certain functions in the house occur automatically, for example the outside light can turn on when it becomes dark outside. There is a need for a reliable, secure and interactive system that exercises full control over the electric and electronic aspects of the house, with the potential to be accessed from across the globe. A home control system controls the users whole house, triggering routines and events involving Home Subsystems. An automation system controls a collection of â€Å"Home Subsystems†. A Home Subsystems includes light fixtures, the heating-cooling system, security components, entertainment, as well as devices like motorized drapes or any other condition that the user selects. Is a system that even when operating automatically provides benefits to the system user. A home automation system puts two or more Home-Subsystems under the control of one central controller which is PIC microcontroller and the user interface attached to the controller for example touch screen, key pad, handheld remotes, or a PC which we will describe it later in this chapter. The Smart House system would adjust the power supplied to each appliance according to need. Each appliance is provided with sufficient power to provide for its peak use. In addition, the Smart House controllers could schedule the operation of heavy power consuming appliances (such as dishwashers, electric water heaters, and air conditioners) to take maximum advantage of off-peak electric rates. These adjustments could result in lower utility costs. http://www.connectedhomemag.com/HomeControls/Articles/Index.cfm?ArticleID=22609 Features that provided by Home Automation Home automation system can provide many benefits that make home safer, more comfortable, by employing sensors and control systems to monitor home and provide services. The home automation system can make the user be able to control his own home while he relaxing sleeping even while he is working. The home automation system makes the user be able to control lighting that he can change light with his mode and requirement. Security is one of the important benefits that can be provided by home automation system even during the absence of the user, that if there someone trying to breach house the system can release the alarm, lock all the exits until the user comes and reset the system. The home automation system can provide a system prevent fires by smoke sensors that senses for smoking if there the system release the alarm and the water sprinkles start spraying water. Home automation system can control the temperature of house by controlling AC. There is a large unexploited potential for using home automation for energy savings and comfort improvements. Home Automation Components Central controller which is an inelegant device connected with the whole system, its job is to manage, process, and control the home automation system, it can be a PIC microcontroller, PC .etc. User interface in which user can control the home automation system and choose the mode he need in any appliance of the system, it can be a touch screen, GLCD, remote controletc. Appliances which are the devices that controlled by the system and it can be any device such as clean machine, AC, lighting as a sub system..etc. Connection which is the type of connection between systems and it can be wired or wireless. Wired vs. Wireless Home Automation The medium through which communications occurs is crucial to the feasibility of a home automation system. So the types of home automation systems are: 1. Wired System Traditionally, wiring consists of wires that get snaked through the walls. There are three wired systems: electricity, telephone, TV cable. Which have been earned by the home automation and the user more agree with, because it is provide reliability, it connect each appliance with central controller, signal between sent between devices is travelling through a physical medium . Wired system provide reliability, but it is difficult to install, and it not easy for error detection and resolving, unless there is a smart central device and advanced physical medium and connections. 2. Wireless System Each appliance is connected with a device as a receiver or transmitter that depends on the function of the appliance and what does it need, and for each sensor there is a transmitter and receiver device. Transmitter device send a signal such as RF signal and the receiver receives the signal moves it to an intelligent device which detects if the signal for the device that connected with, if yes the intelligent device makes the attached device to act the suitable action for the situation. The main difference between wired and wireless system that the communication between system components and devices in wired system using physical medium, but in the wireless system the signal is generated as Radio wave signal -for example- travels on the air and cached by receivers. Theoretical Back Ground The Purpose of the Project The main purpose of the home automation project briefly is to make life easier. To achieve the main purpose we need to design a control system for home appliances, the user can control real loads by a single touch on the touch panel , away from the traditional bush buttons remote control the user will use his finger to select any option on the touch panel whether it is a on/off button or next/previous command. The user can choose the right arrow to select between the appliances (light, door open, door close, heater) then he will use the on/off button to toggle the load status. 3. Method To achieve the goal of this project the touch screen must be chosen so it can be interfaced to the microcontroller (PIC microcontroller) , the resistive touch screen can be used since the microcontroller has it own build in analog to digital converter, The microcontroller will convert the output of the touch screen to digital value (x-position ,y- position) then it will decide the press location on what button (the buttons is drawn on a graphical LCD which is under the touch screen ) so the user will feel as if he press the button itself After this the microcontroller will execute a certain routine to toggle the corresponding load depending on the pressed button. As shown in figure above we have proposed a block diagram to achieve the project goal, the configuration and the connection of each components can found in the datasheet, for example the datasheet of the GLCD and the touch screen requires the use of PIC microcontroller so both of them must be connected directly to the PIC in the appropriate way. Also the web site. http://www.mikroe.com/en/tools/ provides learning kits with a full document and schematic diagrams for those kits, which was an addition information source to know how we can use the graphical LCD and the touch screen The real loads driver circuit will take the command signal from the microcontroller so it also it will be connected directly to the microcontroller, Description of the main blocks PIC microcontroller PIC microcontroller ,which will be the brain of the system Why to use pic16f877A At first any pic microcontroller that has portB and portD can be used to interface the graphical LCD, but since we will use a touch screen in the project and the output is analog voltage so we also need a pic microcontroller with a build in analog to digital converter, those specification can be found in the PIC16F877A Graphical LCD idea and background Graphical LCD , at which the graphics will be displayed The GLCD module is specially designed for microcontroller programmers who like an extra dimension in the projects. This module has a 128 X 64 pixel graphical LCD with touch screen, This LCD is controlled by KS0108 LCD controller via two segment drivers. LCD backlight color is yellow-green. Touch panel , which will respond to the touches and convert it to analog voltages. Driving circuit which will take the control signal from the microcontroller and drive a real 220V ac loads. interfacing circuit: this circuit will take the four wires from the touch screen and fed the microcontroller with the analog voltage (x,y) 4. Working plan first step is to buy the needed components start testing interfacing the components as follows connect the graphical LCD and display some pictures using the pic microcontroller connect the touch screen and test the output voltages when pressing on it, we will use the regular voltmeter to test the output voltages on each corner and it should be as follows design the output driving circuit to drive the real 220V loads by apply 1 5V on the input Software implementation Since we are using a pic microcontroller then we need to use a compatible compiler and the easiest one is (MIKROBASIC) because it has a built in libraries for the graphical LCD also the used language is BASIC. 6. Why to use the mikrobasic instead of assembly (mp lab) Using the graphical LCD in the project requires a lot o work in signaling the graphical lcd, so each picture or graph must be sent to the graphical lcd pixel by pixel which is a long work without any advantage because the mikroelctronica compiler (mikrobasic) comes with a built in libraries that support both (LCD, and graphical LCD) so the time needed for doing the libraries can be used to add more features to the main project. 6.1 Features MikroBasic allows the user to quickly develop and deploy complex applications: Write the BASIC source code using the built-in Code Editor (Code and Parameter Assistants, Syntax Highlighting, Auto Correct, Code Templates, and more†¦) Use the included mikroBasic libraries to dramatically speed up the development: data acquisition, memory, displays, conversions, communications†¦ Practically all P12, P16, and P18 chips are supported. Can be used to Monitor the program structure, variables, and functions in the Code Explorer. Inspect program flow and debug executable logic with the integrated Debugger. Get detailed reports and graphs: RAM and ROM map, code statistics, assembly listing, calling tree, and more†¦ Introduction to Project Management For planning any project, you must manage it. The whole project is divided into three major elements: tasks, resource and time. Each elements work affects the others, means they are related. Project Tasks Means what each piece of project component will achieve and the hardware connection between these components, some tasks may include: Programming Microcontroller. User interface â€Å"GLCD†. Project documentation. Project Resources Means anything used to achieve the goals of project, which can be: People as who has experience with the home automation they can be users or experts. Machinery which used to develop the project components. Money. 1.5 System Requirements 1.5.1 System Hardware Micro controller (PIC): to control the whole system. Graphical LCD: as the user interface. Driving CKT: to connect loads with the PIC. 1.5.2 System software Micro Basic for programming PIC. Following chapters will be more detailed for each part.

MS Powerpoin

(1) I needed scaffolded help when I was learning MS Powerpoint for the first time. My teacher taught the function of each command icon and how to use animation for the presentation. I understood what needed to be done and the concepts behind it as my teacher demonstrated how to do it. After the discussion, he asked us to make our own presentation. I was able to make text boxes and color the texts, but I needed more help in using animating effects for the presentation.So my teacher guided me by demonstrating again how to do it. In the end, I was able to memorize the different functions of the commands available in MS Powerpoint and get used to the environment of the software. (2) Scaffolding offers a number of advantages. First, it provides clear directions as the instructor assists the student in the learning process. It also clarifies the purpose of the lesson and the importance of learning it, which keeps the student motivated.It also offers assessment to determine whether the lear ner is on the right track, which reduces uncertainty, surprise, and disappointment of both the instructor and the learner. This is especially useful for students with low self-esteem and learning disabilities. It allows the teacher to give positive feedback on their achievement. This could also minimize the level of frustration for the learner and the instructor. In addition, scaffolding keeps the learner engaged in the lesson or task (Van Der Stuyf, 2002). Although it offers many advantages, scaffolding has a number of disadvantages as well.As scaffolding is individualized, it could be extremely time-consuming and its implementation in a large class would be challenging. The implementation of scaffolding may also require a teacher to be properly trained for it to be effective. In scaffolding, the teacher needs to give up some of the control and allow the students to commit errors, which could be difficult for the teacher. However, despite the disadvantages, the positive impact of s caffolding on learning and development is very apparent (Van Der Stuyf, 2002).

Relationship between Assets and Liabilities on Balance Sheet - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 5929 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Cement industry indeed a very important part of industrial sector that plays a essential role in the economic development. Though the cement industry in Pakistan observed its lows and highs in recent past it improved during the last couple of years and floated once again. A basic economic decision deal with a financial intermediary is the mixture of assets to buy and liabilities to sell, a decision that reflects a complex set of economic and institutional considerations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Relationship between Assets and Liabilities on Balance Sheet" essay for you Create order When viewed as a decision under uncertainty, the outcomes from this decision involve interactions among the assets, among the obligations and among assets and obligations. The asset and obligation structures of cement sector of Pakistan necessarily reflect these interactions as well as many regulatory and institutional constraints unique to the cement industry. Multivariate statistical procedures such as canonical correlation analysis are being used more frequently and the methods used in thesis can be applied to other studies. The mixture of assets and liabilities chosen can be viewed as a basic portfolio theory decision. In thesis canonical correlation analysis was applied to examine the relationship between assets and liabilities made by a cross-section of 18 large cement companies of Pakistan listed in stock exchange. Canonical correlation is a multivariate statistical technique that was used to assess the nature and strength of relationship between assets and liabilities. The correlation between each set of assets and each set of liabilities indicates the relationship between assets and liabilities but all of these correlations assess the same hypothesis that assets influence liabilities. The thesis focused on firms of the Pakistans cement industry and the purposes of the thesis was to identify relationships between assets and liabilities exhibited by these corporations and to explain the nature of these relationships. The teaching of corporate finance as reflected in the major textbooks compartmentalizes the decision areas of finance and within each compartment management is assumed to attempt to maximize the firms wealth, holding the other areas of the firm constant. For example, capital budgeting decisions are made given a cost of capital or required rate of return (a capital project is evaluated independent of how it is financed), or the capital structure is chosen given the character of the firms assets. Cash, receivables, and inventory balances t end to be optimized independently. There is a tradeoff between the rigor afforded by global models of the firm (such as the CAPM) versus the realism afforded by the various approaches used in the compartmented models (e.g., cash management models, equipment replacement models, leasing, etc.). Business practice has the same dilemma; complex organizations must decompose the overall wealth maximization problem into sub problems which, when solved, allow the firm to make satisfactory decisions. Business executives may be uncomfortable with an assumption of independence between investing and financing decisions for two reasons. First, even if the decisions were independent, the decisions may occur simultaneously because of the necessity of raising the funds to invest. Second and more importantly, the assumptions necessary to obtain independence may not be obtained. Several interdependencies might be anticipated between assets and liabilities: Hedging is commonplace, where firms go wit h maturity structure of their assets and obligations (i.e., short-term assets tend to be financed with short- term obligations and long-term assets tend to be financed with long-term obligations). Some assets are used as collateral for loans. For example, accounts receivable can be used as collateral for short-term bank loans or factor loans and real estate as collateral for mortgages. Commodity-producing firms will maintain inventories which may be financed with credit from suppliers (accounts payable) while service-providing firms may have little of either inventories or accounts payable. High risk businesses may try to manage risk by using less leverage on right hand side of balance sheet (high equity) and by maintaining larger liquidity balances on the left-hand side. This process may enable management to reduce the probability of insolvency It was the objective of the thesis to determine relationships between assets and liabilities on balance sheet exhibited by a sa mple cement firms of Pakistan. Canonical correlation analysis was used to identify and study the nature of relationship between the structure of the left and right hand sides of the balance sheet. Though canonical correlation analysis is very similar to discriminant and factor analysis, it has not been widely employed in finance. The variables used in this study are, Cash, Account Receivable, Inventories, Long-term Assets, Account Payable, Short-term Debt, long-term Debt and Share Holder Equity. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Stowe,John D,Watson,Collin J Robertson ,Terry D (1980) observed the relationship between assets and liabilities with the help of canonical correlation analysis. The purpose of research was to identify relations between the two sides of balance sheet (Assets and liabilities) revealed by the corporations and to explain the nature of these relationships. Data from balance sheet for a cross-section of firms was used in the study. For each firm / corporation, a general size (or percentage breakdown) balance sheet was constructed with 4 asset and 4 liability accounts. A big diversity of balance sheet structures was present between 510 firms. A number of remarkable relationships were found in the study i.e. inventories were positively correlated with accounts payable and long-term assets were correlated with long-term debt. On the other hand, stockholders equity was not highly correlated with any of the asset proportions. An independence of asset and liability composition of the firm is tilted in much modern financial theory, the independence of investing and financing decision is a prominent part of Modigliani and Millers classic capital structure research. Though the distribution of financing and investment decision is an invaluable assumption which greatly makes simpler many business financial decisions, real balance sheets of modern corporations do not exhibit independence between assets and obligations on balance sheet. The aim of the study was (1) to recognize relationships between t assets, obligations and equity on a balance sheet reveal by these firms and (2) to clarify the nature of these relationships. Independence of liability and asset composition is explicit in Modigliani and Millers capital structure proposition. In their article, they exhibited that, given a flow of risky earnings; the firms total market value and cost of capital are independent of capital structure. The education of corporate finance, as imitated in the major textbooks, compa rtmentalizes the decision spots of finance and, within each box, management is assumed to effort to maximize the firms wealth, holding the other spots of the firm stable. For example, capital budgeting decisions are made given a cost of capital or required rate of return (a capital project is evaluated independent of how it is financed), or the capital structure is chosen given the character of the firms assets. Cash, receivables, and inventory balances tend to be optimized independently. There is a tradeoff between the rigors afforded by global models of the firm (such as the CAPM) versus the realism afforded by the various approaches used in the compartmented models (e.g., cash management models, equipment replacement models, leasing, etc.). Business practice has the same dilemma; complex organizations must decompose the overall wealth maximization problem into sub problems which, when solved, allow the firm to make satisfactory decisions. Business executives may be uncomfortab le with an assumption of independence between investing and financing decisions for two reasons. First, even if the decisions were independent, the decisions may occur simultaneously because of the necessity of raising the funds to invest. Second and more importantly, the assumptions necessary to obtain independence may not be obtained. Several interdependencies might be anticipated between the assets and liabilities, those are, (1) Hedging is commonplace, where firms go with maturity structure of their assets and obligations (i.e., short term assets tend to be financed with short term obligations and long-term assets tend to be financed with long-term obligations), (2) some assets are used as collateral for loans. For example, accounts receivable can be used as collateral for short-term bank loans or factor loans and real estate as collateral for mortgages, (3) commodity-producing firms will maintain inventories which may be financed with credit from suppliers (accounts payable) while service providing firms may have little of either inventories or accounts payable and (4) high risk businesses may try to manage risk by using less leverage on right hand side of balance sheet (high equity) and by maintaining larger liquidity balances on the left hand side. This process may enable management to reduce the probability of insolvency. It was the intent of the study to determine relationship between assets and liabilities on balance sheet are exhibited by a sample of large corporations. Canonical correlation analysis was used to identify and examine the nature of relationships between the structures of the left- and right-hand sides of the balance sheet. While canonical correlation analysis is very similar to discriminate and factor analysis, it has not been widely employed in finance. There were two general conclusions of study. The first basic purpose of study was satisfied that there are basic relationships between assets and obligations on a balance sheet whi ch were identified with canonical correlation analysis. The assumptions behind much of modern financial theory allow us to separate investing and financing decisions. Relaxation of these assumptions can admit interdependencies between assets and obligations and several interdependencies were found in our empirical study. These relationships across the balance sheet include (1) hedging, (2) the use of collateral for loans, (3) inventories associated with accounts payable, and (4) manage risk with instantaneous use of inferior leverage and larger liquidity balances. The capital structure research since M and Ms original irrelevance argument has attempted to utilize the effect of the current value of interest tax shelter due to debt financing and the effect of expected bankruptcy costs on the firms optimal capital structure. The interdependencies between assets and liabilities found in this empirical study could be incorporated into models of capital structure. The second general concl usion was to recommend canonical correlation analysis of financial statement data for other research topics. Much of the published empirical research concerning financial statements is on topics with a single, well defined dependent variable; these topics would include predicting bankruptcy, bond ratings, or loan defaults and explaining market risk measures. Canonical analysis, where there is a set of dependent variables, would allow empirical analysis to proceed where no unique variable can be chosen as the dependent variable. Furthermore, variables which are linear combinations of financial statement proportions might be employed instead of the usual financial ratios.7 Canonical variate scores for a firm could be associated with its bond ratings, probability of default, or systematic risk. These topics usually have been investigated using financial ratios as predictor variables Stowe,John D Watson,Collin J(1985) did the multivariate analysis on balance sheet composition of lif e insurer. The purpose of that analysis was to study the empirical relationships between the assets and obligations structure of the life insurer. The assets and liabilities mixture that chosen by life insurer can be viewed in terms of basic portfolio theory decisions. Canonical correlation analysis was used by the researcher to study or examine the internal structure of these portfolio decisions that was made by a cross section of large life insurers. The financial intermediaries study, such as life insurers, is distinguished from that of nonfinancial businesses for several causes. First, the financial intermediaries assets consists just about entirely of financial assets as opposed to the real assets that bulk large on the balance sheets of nonfinancial businesses. As suggested by Moore B. J (1968) in his article an introduction to the theory of finance that the financial assets differ from tangible assets; the financial assets are intangible and they are held for the income they generate as opposed to the direct physical services they yield; financial assets are more liquid and finally financial assets can be more freely converted from one form to another while real assets are indurate. A second difference between intermediaries and nonfinancial businesses involves the nature of their obligations. Financial intermediaries accumulate loan able funds through issuing a variety of claims. For example, the commercial banks and life insurers claims are quite different from the obligations issued by nonfinancial corporations. A final significant difference between financial intermediaries and other businesses is that the intermediaries normally are more seriously regulated and sometimes are subject to separate taxation from other firms and individuals. Like other intermediaries life insurers have been the subjects of a range of empirical research projects. J. D (1973) Cummins in his article An econometric model of the life insurance sector of the U.S economy and J . E Pesando, in his article The interest sensitivity of the Flow of funds through life insurance companies presented an econometric analysis for the comprehensive flow of funds through the life insurance sector. J.D Stowe (1978) in his article examines the investments of individual life insurers in a cross-sectional, time-series study. The basic operational hypothesis for the study on balance sheet composition of life insurer was that a number of categories of assets on the left hand side of life insurer balance sheets had more than one pattern of correlations when they are associated with several liability and surplus classes from right hand side of balance sheet. In addition to testing this hypothesis, the natures of the relationships between assets and obligations were examined and the strength of the multivariate relationship was anticipated. The structure of life insurer assets was explained as a function of the structure of the other side of the balance sheet and of some addit ional firm specific variables. In this study it was necessary to predict several criterion variables simultaneously by means of a second set of predictor variables. Under these circumstances, no single regression equation can presented a fully adequate solution. Any linear combination of the criteria may be used as the dependent variable in a regression equation, and in general not one but a number of regression equations must be used to give an appropriate picture. The problem of finding linear combinations of the criterion variables that can be most accurately predicted from the predictor variables was solved by H. Hotelling in his article The most predictable criterion commonly known as canonical correlation analysis. G. Donald Simonson, D. J Stow, and J. Collin Watson (1983) analyzed a canonical correlation analysis between assets and liabilities structure of commercial banks in. They analyze the balance sheets of all 435 domestic U.S banks with assets in excess of $300 million at year end 1979. Data was taken from the December 31, 1979 Foreign and domestic Report of Condition files prepared on magnetic tape by the three federal bank supervisory agencies. They limited the analysis to large banks for two reasons. First, smaller banks do not have the talent or market position to aggressively practice liabilities management and therefore their balance sheets are not as likely to reflect differentiated policies relative to bearing interest rate risk. Second, the three federal agencies require only banks with assets over $300 million to report maturities of both de posits and selected loans, as well as a breakdown of loans in to those with predetermined versus floating interest rates. These large bank data permit us to construct several key balance sheet accounts on the basis of interest sensitivity. Six asset and six liability/capital categories were expressed as a proportion of total assets for each of the 435 banks in the study. The purpose of a study was to identify and describe the relationship including heading behavior of a single dependent variable as a function of a set of independent variables, canonical correlation analysis relates two sets of variables. In the present case one set of variables is the composition of the left hand side of the balance sheet and the other set is the right hand side. The variables used in this study are asset and liability/ capital categories expressed as proportion of total bank assets. These portions were used in lieu of the more usual financial ratios and no information exogenous to the bank was employed. During the past two years bankers and bank analysts have been concerned about how interest rate risk is derived from cross balance sheet relationships. The mismatching of maturities or interest sensitivities whether interest sensitive assets financed with long term liabilities or long term assets financed with interest sensitive liabilities creates interest rate risk. For example high interest rates and a downward sloping yield curve, one whose short term rates exceed long term rates for borrowers of similar creditworthiness, especially expose institutions which pursue the traditional financial intermediation formula of borrow short lend long. In commercial banking, the exposure is greatest for banks which finance fixed rate term loans and long term fixed income securities with short term funds at money market rates. Banks can defend themselves against this exposure by practicing asset/liability management; by coordinating their procurement of funds and acquisition of assets. There was early theoretical appreciation of the necessity for management of the maturities of asset and liability portfolios. In a simple three variable model D.H Pyle (1971) in his article theory of financial intermediation shows that assuming banks maximize the expected utility of terminal wealth, banks choices of assets (liability) portfolio will be conditioned upon the parameters, including matur ity, of their liability (assets) portfolios (given nonzero covariance of liability and assets yields). According to the applied asset/liability management dictum, banks with volatile short term interest sensitive source of funds should attempt to structure their asset portfolios to emphasize short term and floating rate movements and in general maturities of asset and liability portfolios should be matched. Such banks can be said to adopt defensive loan portfolios. Other banks by their nature are less dependent on short term market rate funds and are in a better position to offer fixed rate loan terms to borrowers their customers provide a relatively large core of stable savings and time deposits with average interest costs well below current market rates. As result these banks have to be free to acquire long term assets at predetermined interest rates that are they can adopt aggressive loan portfolios. HO, T.S.Y in his article (1980) The determinants of bank interest margin show ed that balance sheet hedging is a rational response to interest margin uncertainty which results from the interplay between volatile interest rates and asset and liability structural interrelationships. Their research attempts to find evidence of such asset/ liability hedging practices among U.S banks during a period of high and volatile interest rates and a downward sloping yield curve. If banks in aggregate tend to hedge interest sensitive funds with core funds, the banking industry would appear to be coping appropriately with interest rate risk. On the other hand, if there is a systematic tendency for many banks to combine fixed rate long term assets with volatile short term funds, the industry might be excessively exposed to interest rate risk. The issue of capital adequacy also concerned with the comparative maturity structure and duration of the two sides of the balance sheet. S.T. Maisel and R. Jacobson in his article Interest rate changes and commercial banks revenues an d costs they showed that over the period 1962 to 1975 for the average bank, the threat of insolvency due to the instability of economic returns stemmed primarily from the mismatch of asset and liability durations. They concluded that unheeded interest rate risk might require additional equity capital. Other sources of risk, such as default risk, would dictate a positive relationship between the amount invested in riskier loans and securities and the amount of equity capital. Research was limited because data on the market values of asset and liability items are not available. Presumably, potential changes in cross balance sheet market values are transmitted to changes in the market value of the firm. There was a considerable literature addressing asset-liability management in banks. One of the key motivators of asset-liability management worldwide was the Basel group. The Basel group Banking Supervision (2001) formulated broad supervisory standards and guidelines and recommended sta tements of best practice in banking supervision. The purpose of the committee was to encourage global convergence toward common approaches and standards. In particular, the Basel II norms (2004) were proposed as an international standard for the amount of capital that banks require setting to the side to protect against the types financial and operational risks they face. Basel II proposed setting up accurate risk and capital management necessities designed to make sure that a bank holds capital reserves suitable to the risk banks picture their self to throughout its lending and investment practice. In general, these regulations mean that the larger risk to which the bank is showing, the larger the amount of capital the bank requires to hold to defend its solvency and whole economic strength. This would ultimately help to defend the international monetary system from the kind of problems that may take place should a major bank or a sequence of banks collapse. Gardner and Mills (1 991) discussed the principles of asset-liability management as a part of banks strategic planning and as a response to the changing environment in prudential direction, e-commerce and new taxation treaties. Their text provided the foundation of subsequent discussion on asset-liability management. Haslem (1999) used canonical analysis and the interpretive structure of asset/liability management to identify and interpret the foreign and domestic balance sheet approach of large U.S. banks. Their study found that the least money-making very large banks have the biggest size of foreign loans, yet they give emphasis to domestic balance sheet (asset/liability) matching strategies. on the other hand, the most money-making very large banks have the smallest size of foreign loans, but, however, they emphasize foreign balance sheet matching strategies. Vaidyanathan (1999) discussed issues in asset-liability management and elaborates on various categories of risk that require to be manage d in the Indian context. In the past Indian banks were primarily concerned about adhering to statutory liquidity ratio norms but in the changed situation, namely moving away from administered interest rate structure to market determined rates, it became important for banks to equip themselves with some of these techniques, in order to immunize them selves against interest rate risk. Vaidyanathan argued that the problem gets accentuated in the context of change in the main liability structure of the banks, namely the maturity period for term deposits. For instance, in 1986, nearly 50% of term deposits had a maturity period of more than five years and only 20%, less than two years for all commercial banks, while in 1992, only 17% of term deposits were more than five years whereas 38% were less than two years Vaidyanath. It was found that several banks had inadequate and inefficient management systems. Also argued that Indian banks were more exposed to international markets, especially with respect to forex transactions, so that asset liability management was essential, as it would enable the bank to maintain its exposure to foreign currency fluctuations given the level of risk it can handle. It was also found that an increasing proportion of investments by banks were being recorded on a market to market basis, thus being exposed to market risks. Is was also suggested that, as bank profitability focus has increased over the years, there is an increasing possibility that the risk arising out of exposure to interest rate volatility would be built into the capital adequacy norms specified by the regulatory authorities, thus in turn requiring efficient asset-liability management practices. Vaidya and Shahi (2001) studied asset-liability management in Indian banks. They suggested in particular that interest rate risk and liquidity risk are two key inputs in business planning process of banks. Using firm-level data, an extensive accounting literature focuses on the contemporaneous correlation of stock returns and earnings. Despite the statistically reliable positive association between stock returns and earnings, Ball and Brown (1968), Beaver, Clarke, and Wright (1979), Beaver, Lambert, and Morse (1980), Easton and Harris (1991), Collins, Kothari, Shanken, and Sloan (1994), and others find that the explained fraction of stock return variation was significantly less than one (typically under 10 percent). Lev (1989) and others suggest that the relatively low explanatory power stems from earnings lack of timeliness and/or value-irrelevant noise in earnings. The idea that correlation between a cash-flow proxy and stock return may be due to any of the three components was not novel. Fama (1990), Schwert (1990), Kothari and Shanken (1992), Campbell and Ammer (1993), and others recognize that when stock returns are regressed on cash flow proxies, any of the three effects may be driving the regression coefficients. They do not, however, clearly quanti fy the relative importance of these three effects. Thus, in the end, it is still unclear why cash-flow proxies are or are not related to stock returns. The fundamental subject of working capital is to provide optimal balance between each element forming working capital. Most of the efforts of finance directors in a firm are the efforts they make to carry the balance between current assets not at optimal level and responsibilities to an optimal level Lamberson (1995). One reason for this was the decisive influence of current assets on others, another reasons was liabilities of completion of present responsibilities. The combination of the elements forming working capital are change over time. Need for working capital manipulate liquidity stage and profitability of a company. As a result, it affects investment and financing decisions, too. Amount of current assets to be calculated at a level where total cost is of a least degree means an optimal working capital level. The optimal w orking capital point is case wherein balance between risk and effectiveness is provided.. The entire current assets hold by a firm known as working capital. Net working capital is calculated when short term obligations are took out from current assets. Return of total assets of a firm as a result of an activity is closely related to level and distribution of assets of the firm and efficiency in application of these assets. In lots of firms current assets called working capital make up of a remarkable part of community assets. (Note 1) But it is clear that working capital is ignored in finance journalism compare to long term financing decision. Corporate finance studies usually concentrate on core decisions like, dividend, capital structure and capital budgeting. Though, the sum of assets group is a important part of entire asset and called working capital (inventories, quasi money and money. short term liabilities and trade receivables) is a focus matter in all main books relatin g to corporate finance where efficiency level of distribution and application of assets influence profitability and risk level of the company. The major purpose of a company is to increase the market worth. Working capital management influence profitability of the company, its risk and thus its value Smith, (1980). Further, effective management of working capital is a key component of the broad strategy aim to increase the market rate (Westhead and Howorth (2003). Since the flexibility of this group of assets is very high in terms of adapting to changing conditions and due to these uniqueness they can frequently be applied to understand the major aim of financial management through policy changes. Success of a firm mainly depends on efficient management capability of finance director to manage receivables, inventories and liabilities (Filbeck and Krueger, 2005). Firms can strengthen their funding capabilities or decrease the source cost reducing source amount they allocate to curren t assets. In finance literature there is a common opinion about the importance of working capital management. Explanations about why effective capital management is important for a company usually concentrate on the association between effectiveness in working capital management and company profitability. Effective working capital management includes controlling and planning of present assets and liabilities in such a way it avoid extreme investments in current assets and prevents from working with few currents assets insufficient to fulfill the responsibilities. In relevant studies the measure taken as an indicator of efficiency in working capital management is generally cash conversion cycle. For firm cash conversion cycle is the period during which it is transited from money to good and again to money. In the studies conducted by Shin and Soenen (1998), Deloof (2003), Raheman and Nasr (2007) and Teruel and Solano (2007) it was concluded that there is a negative relationship be tween profitability of a firm and cash conversion cycle. Thus, it is possible to increase firm profitability through more effective working capital management. It is necessary to realize that major basics of cash conversion cycle (short term account receivables, short term trade liabilities and inventories) should be managed in a way they maximize firm profitability. An efficient working capital management will increase free cash flows to the firm and growth opportunities and returns of stockholders. Working capital level of a firm indicates that it wants to take a risk. The more working capital amounts, the liquidity risk and profitability become lower. The working capital strategies of firms differ according to the segments and within each segment it varies over time Filbeck and Krueger (2005). Ganesan (2007), put forward that the firms in less competitive sectors focus on cash conversion minimizing receivables, while the firms in more competitive sectors have a relatively high er level of receivables. Lazaridis and Tryfonidis (2005) stated that small firms focus on inventory management, the firms with low profitability on credit management. Statements in literature of finance about the significance of working capital for companies are being once further emphasized in these unstable days of international economy. While firms make efforts to increase return on assets in a way they pay their due obligations as late as possible and keep the cash, decreases in activity volume decreases the cash flow, too and this case increases the liquidity risk (Hofler, 2009). All these raise the importance of working capital. In the following part our study the practice section where the association between efficiency level of companies being operated in ISE in working capital management and their gain on total asset is handled. Classical risk theory mostly focuses on the liabilities of insurance companies and therefore on the study of claims, including their frequency a nd their amount. As explained in e.g. Parker (1997), the insurance companies do not only have to deal with insurance risk but also with investment risk like liquidity risk, risk of change and most importantly the interest rate risk. The insurance risk, due to the risk insured (e.g. mortality, fire, car accidents), can be decreased as the number of policies in the portfolio increases (however, a perfect and complete pooling will never occur). The investment risk does not decrease with an increasing number of policies since the rates of return are highly correlated. Interest rates both influence the active and the passive side of the balance and become very important when the insurance policies are long-term contracts. It is therefore essential to devise asset liability models appropriate to insurance companies. In thesis, concentration was made on the mismatching of assets and liabilities, namely the times that the value of the assets becomes lower than the value of the liabilities. Focusing on ALM for banks, Janssen (1992) modeled both the assets and the liabilities by geometric Brownian motions. Study was on an extension of the Janssen model in which the asset fund A takes into account fixed-income securities and this introduces asymmetry for A and B. That is particularly useful for insurance companies whose investments are more in bonds than in shares. It was assumed that the liability course of action is defined by a geometric Brownian motion with drift, which is correlated with the asset process in a constant way. In this generalized un- segmented Janssen model, study was on the perfect matching and final matching of assets and liabilities by determining the probability of mismatching and the degree of mismatching. In case of perfect matching, the study will be on the influence of the parameters of the asset and liability processes on the probability of no perfect matching in order to obtain general implications of the model to the company asset liability management and the difference between the models seems with a Cox-Ingersoll-Ross process and an Ornstein- Uhlenbeck process. Study further focus on a multidimensional model in which it was assumed that the assets and liabilities are segmented in respectively m and n pools, for example into different investments and into different insurance contracts. First concentration was on the case that the assets contain only shares. Afterwards, distinct shares and fixed-income securities which mainly differ since shares can be modeled by a geometric Brownian motion, but the interest-rate derivatives cannot. Since these financial instruments depend on the yield curve, was assumed a stochastic interest rate process. Soocheong (Shawn) Jang (2005) used canonical correlation analysis. The study examined interdependencies in investing and financing decisions of restaurant firms. The results indicated that the similar four cross-balance sheet interdependencies exist in the restaurant industry as i dentified by previous studies for different industries and companies in various countries: (1) maturity matching structure of assets and liabilities, (2) use of long-term assets as collateral for long-term debt, (3) use of accounts payable to finance operational assets (e.g., inventories and other current assets), and (4) concurrent use of cash and stockholders equity to manage risk. Additionally, this study discovered the unique financing features of the restaurant industry: (1) restaurant firms did not relate account receivables to short-term liabilities, and (2) they financed their operational assets with stockholders equity in addition to account payable. The findings are expected to contribute to the understanding of restaurant financing behavior as related to assets structures. This study also demonstrated the usefulness of canonical correlation analysis in extracting information related to financial management strategy. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODS The chapter forms the core of the research work. This chapter provides the detail information regarding hypothesis development, empirical model, characteristic of variables, statistical test, the source of data or the data collection technique sample size,. It also highlights the tools that have used in the study. The statistical tools also mentioned to give clear idea about the data collected and its treatment. 3.1 Hypothesis Development H1: There is significant and positive relationship between Account Receivables and Account Payables H2: There is significant and positive relationship between Cash and Account Receivables. H3: There is significant and positive relationship between Inventories and Account Payables H4: There is significant and positive relationship among Long Term Assets and Long Term Liabilities H5: There is significant and positive relationship between Inventories and Current Debt 3.2 Empirical Model Consequently canonical correlation analysis was used to investigate the type of interaction between assets and liabilities on the balance sheet. The variables of the asset side are denoted Xi1,, Xi2, Xi3, and Xi4 and the variables of the equity/liability side are Yi1, Yi2, Yi3, and Yi4. The scores of an observation, i, for each canonical variate pair, as i increase from 1 to n can be expressed as: u1= a1X11 + a2X12 + a3X13 + a4X14 . . un= a1Xn1 + a2Xn2 + a3Xn3 + a4Xn4, and v1= b1Y11 + b2Y12 + b3Y13 + b4Y14 . . vn= b1Yn1 + b2Yn2 + b3Yn3 + b4Yn4 The as and bs are the canonical weights. A canonical correlation is obtained for each of the canonical variate pairs by correlating u and v across observations. The nature of the canonical variates, derived to have maximum correlations, can be examined by utilizing canonical loadings. The nature of the structure of the canonical loadings may be simplified using the canonical rotation analysis methods described by Cliff and Krus (1976) and also by Perreault and Spiro (1978). The canonical loadings for both sets of variables can be rotated simultaneously using Kaisers normalized varimax criterion (1958). The total predictable variance remains the same and the rotated canonical correlations will be allocated more evenly across the canonical variates using these methods. More importantly, the examination of the nature of the canonical variates generally will be simplified.